Congressional Authorizations and Appropriations (Softcover and ebook)
How Congress Exercises the Power of the Purse through Authorizing Legislation, Appropriations Measures, Supplemental Appropriations, Earmarks, and Enforcing the Authorization-Appropriations Process

Compiled by TheCapitol.Net

A primary avenue for exercising Congress's power of the purse is the authorization and appropriation of federal spending to carry out government activities. While the power over appropriations is granted to Congress by the U.S. Constitution, the authorization appropriation process is derived from House and Senate rules. The formal process consists of two sequential steps: (1) enactment of an authorization measure that may create or continue an agency or program as well as authorize the subsequent enactment of appropriations; and (2) enactment of appropriations to provide funds for the authorized agency or program.

 

2010, 146 pages Softcover, $19.95 ISBN: 1587331829   ISBN 13: 978-1-58733-182-4 Buy softcover from Amazon   Buy softcover from Barnes & Noble Ebook: $9.95 EISBN 13: 9781587332142   Available from your bookseller or online

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Authorizations and Appropriations in a Nutshell
Capitol Learning Audio Course ^TM
 

More Information
Table of Contents	Related Resources

Table of Contents

1.  "Overview of the Authorization-Appropriations Process," Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress RS20371, June 17, 2008  (see CRS Report RS20371, November 26, 2012, 5-page PDF, "Authorizations and the Appropriations Process," CRS Report R46497, August 27, 2020, 17-page PDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

- Authorizing Legislation
- Appropriations Measures
- Enforcing the Authorization-Appropriations Process

2.  "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction," CRS Report for Congress 97-684, December 2, 2008 (see CRS Report R42388, November 30, 2016, 28-page PDF)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

- Introduction
- Annual Appropriations Cycle
- President Submits Budget
- Congress Adopts Budget Resolution
- Timetable for Consideration of Appropriations Measures
- Work of the Appropriations Committees
- House and Senate Floor Action
- House
- Senate
- House and Senate Conference Action
- Presidential Action
- Types of Appropriations Measures
- Regular Appropriations Bills
- Continuing Resolutions
- Supplemental Appropriations Measures
- Spending Ceilings for Appropriations Measures
- Allocations
- Enforcement
- House
- Senate
- Emergency Spending
- Relationship Between Authorization and Appropriation Measures
- Rescissions
- Table 1. Number of Regular Appropriations Bills Packaged in Omnibus (or Minibus) Measure, FY1977-FY2008
- Table 2. Regular Appropriations Bills Completed by Deadline and Number of Continuing Resolutions, FY1977-FY2008
- Table 3. House Committee on Appropriations' 302(a) Allocations for FY2008
- Table 4. Initial House Appropriations Committee's 302(b) Allocations for FY2008

3.  "Supplemental Appropriations: Trends and Budgetary Impacts Since 1981," CRS Report for Congress RL33134, January 2, 2009 . . . . . . . 33

- Introduction
- Budget Rules and Supplemental Appropriations
- General Trend in Supplemental Appropriations
- Budget Controls and Rescissions
- Budgetary Impacts of Supplemental Appropriations
- Conclusions
- Figure 1. Supplemental Appropriations as a Percentage of Budget Authority, 1981-2008
- Table 1. Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions
- Table 2. Effect of Supplemental Appropriations Net of Rescissions on Budget Deficit

4.  "Examples of Legislative Provisions in Annual Appropriations Acts," CRS Report for Congress RL30619, December 4, 2008 (see CRS Report RL30619, December 4, 2009, 25-page PDF)  . . . . . 43

- The Separation of Legislation and Appropriations
- House Rule XXI
- Senate Rule XVI
- Inclusion of Legislative Provisions in Appropriations Acts
- Rules Are Not Self-Enforcing
- Rules May Be Waived
- Rules Are Not Comprehensive
- Recent Practices
- Table 1. Examples of Legislative Provisions Included in Supplemental Appropriations Acts
- Table 2. Omnibus Appropriations Acts: FY1986-FY2008
- Table 3. Examples of Legislative Provisions Included in Omnibus Appropriations Acts
- Table 4. Examples of Legislative Provisions Dropped From Omnibus Appropriations Act
  

5.  "Earmark Disclosure Rules in the Senate: Member and Committee Requirements," CRS Report for Congress RS22867, June 1, 2009  (see CRS Report RS22867, May 21, 2015, 10-page PDF) . . . . . . 65

- Introduction
- Senate Earmark Disclosure Rule
- Legislation Subject to the Rule
- Requirements for Senators Submitting Earmark Requests
- Requirements for Committees

6.  "Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements," CRS Report for Congress RS22866, June 1, 2009  (see CRS Report RS22866, May 21, 2015, 9-page PDF) . . . . . . 73

- Introductionbr />- House Earmark Disclosure Rule
- Legislation Subject to the Rule
- Requirements for Members Submitting Earmark Requests
- Requirements for Committees

7.  "House and Senate Procedural Rules Concerning Earmark Disclosure," CRS Report for Congress RL34462, June 17, 2009 . . . . . . 81

- Introduction
- Earmark Definition
- Spending Earmark Definition
- Limited Tariff Benefit Definition
- Limited Tax Benefit Definition
- Public Disclosure Procedures on Earmark Requests
- Earmark List and Congressional Earmark Sponsors
- House Rule XXI, clause 9
- Senate Rule XLIV
- Specified Information (Including Certifications) From Congressional Earmark Sponsors
- Classified Earmarks
- Conference Report Procedures Affecting New Earmarks
- House Rule XXI, Clause 9(b)
- Senate Rule XLIV, Paragraph 8
- Earmarks and Leverage

8.  "Federal Budget Process," by Bill Heniff Jr. and Robert Keith, Chapter 9 in the Congressional Deskbook . . . . . . . 95
(see The Federal Budget Process, V2 (TheCapitol.Net) and "The Federal Budget Process," CRS Report 46420, February 26, 2020, 48-page PDF)

9.00  Introduction: Congress's "Power of the Purse"
9.01  Congress's Constitutional "Power of the Purse"
9.02  Federal Budgeting Concepts and Terminology
9.10  Key Budget Process Laws
9.11  Budget Enforcement Act Procedures
9.20  The Budget Cycle
9.30  Budget Enforcement Framework
9.40  Presidential Budget Process
9.41  Typical Executive Budget Process Timetable
9.42  Office of Management and Budget Publications
9.43  Volumes Containing and Explaining the President's Annual Budget
9.44  Program and Financing Schedule in President's Budget Appendix
9.50  Congressional Budget Process
9.51  Congressional Budget Process Timetable
9.52  Completion Dates of Budget Resolutions
9.53  Congressional Budget Process Flowchart
9.54  Functional Categories in a Congressional Budget Resolution
9.55  Membership on the House and Senate Budget Committees
9.60  Spending, Revenue, and Debt-Limit Legislation
9.61  Budgeting for Direct and Guaranteed Loans
9.70  Spending Legislation
9.71  Differences between Discretionary and Direct Spending
9.80  Authorization and Appropriation Processes
9.81  Limitations, Earmarks, and General Provisions
9.82  New Appropriations Subcommittee Organization
9.83  Sequence of Appropriations Measures through Congress
9.84  Examples of Appropriations Subcommittees' Requirements for Member Requests
9.90  Revenue Legislation
9.91  Tax Expenditures
9.92  Revenue Estimates
9.100  Debt-Limit Legislation
9.110  Reconciliation Legislation
9.120  Implementation of the Budget by Executive Agencies
9.130  Apportionment
9.140  Transfer and Reprogramming
9.150  Impoundment: Deferrals and Rescissions
9.160  Budget Process Glossary

9.  Other Resources From TheCapitol.Net . . . . 141

Training Courses

- Capitol Hill Workshop
  www.CapitolHillWorkshop.com

- Understanding Congressional Budgeting and Appropriations
  www.TCNUCBA.com

- Advanced Federal Budget Process
  www.TCNAFBP.com

- The President's Budget
  www.TCNPB.com

Capitol Learning Audio Courses ^TM
www.CapitolLearning.com

- The Appropriations Process in a Nutshell, ISBN: 1587330431

- Authorizations and Appropriations in a Nutshell, ISBN: 1587330296

10.  Other Resources . . . . 142

- Internet Resources
- Books
 

Audio CD  and Print Materials     Online download with MP3 audio and materials in PDF

Capitol Learning Audio Courses Capitol Learning Audio Courses are a convenient way to learn about the legislative process, federal budgeting, media relations, business etiquette, and much more.  Each course is between 1/2 hour and 2 hours long, and includes the course materials.  Appropriations Process in a Nutshell Authorizations and Appropriations in a Nutshell The Federal Budget Process Our Capitol Learning Audio Courses can be customized with your logo in quantities of 250 to 10,000 copies.  Contact our Client Liaison for details.

Also see these related publications

   

The Federal Budget, Third Edition: Politics, Policy, Process	Local Budgeting	Quick Reference to Federal Appropriations Law, Second Edition	Appropriations Law: Principles and Practice
Federal Accounting Handbook: Policies, Standards, Procedures, Practices	Governmental Accounting Made Easy	Federal Acquisition Regulation as of July 1, 2017 (FAR)	Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865-1921
Understanding Government Budgets	The Politics Of Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending, Borrowing and Balancing, 7th Edition	New Politics of the Budgetary Process, 5th Edition	Public Budgeting Systems
Wiley GAAP for Governments 2016: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for State and Local Governments	Government and Not-for-Profit Accounting: Concepts and Practices	Red Ink: Inside the High-Stakes Politics of the Federal Budget	The Basics of Public Budgeting and Financial Management: A Handbook for Academics and Practitioners

 

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