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Forbidden Citizens
Chinese Exclusion and the U.S. Congress
A Legislative History

By Martin B. Gold

Additional Resources
TCNFCA.com

People | Internet Resources | Timelines
Related Publications | Political Cartoons

People
BD = Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
LOC - Library of Congress
NGA - National Governors Association
S - U.S. Senate
W =
Wikipedia

Andrews, Charles O. (D-FL)  BD  W

Angell, James Burrill  W

Arthur, Chester A. (R-NY) BD  W  LOC

Bayard, Thomas F. (D-DE)  BD  W

Bayne, Thomas M. (R-PA)  BD  W

Beck, James Burnie (D-KY)  BD  W

Bennett, John B. (R-MI)  BD  W

Berry, Campbell P. (D-CA)  BD  W

Blaine, James G. (R-ME)  BD  W

Blair, Henry W. (R-NH) BD  W

Booth, Newton (R-CA) BD  W

Brick, Abraham L. (R-IN) BD  W

Brown, Joseph E. (D-GA) BD  W

Browne, Thomas M. (R-IN)  BD  W

Bruce, Blanche (R-MS) BD  W

Buckner, Aylett Hawes (D-MO)  BD  W

Burlingame, Anson (R-MA) BD  W

Butler, Matthew C. (D-SC)  BD  W

Butler, Smedley  W

Butterworth, Benjamin (R-OH)  BD  W

Calkins, William H. (R-IN) BD  W

Call, Wilkinson (D-FL) BD  W   S

Carpenter, Matthew Hale (R-WI) BD  W

Cassidy, George W. (D-NV) BD  W

Chandler, William E. (R-NH)  BD  W

Chiang Kai-shek  W

Chew, NG Poon (Wu Panzhao)  W

Clark, Champ (James Beauchamp) (D-MO)  BD  W

Coffee, John Main (D-WA)  BD  W

Conkling, Roscoe (R-NY)  BD  W

Corbett, Henry W. (R-OR)  BD  W

Cullom, Shelby Moore (R-IL)   BD  W

Curtis, Carl T. (R-NE)   BD  W

Davis, Cushman K. (R-MN)   BD  W

Dawes, Henry L. (R-MA)  BD  W

Dickstein, Samuel (D-NY) BD  W

Dillingham, William P. (R-VT) BD  W

Dirksen, Everett M. (R-IL) BD  W

Dolph, Joseph N. (R-OR) BD  W

Dondero, George A. (R-MI) BD  W

Edmunds, George Franklin (R-VT)  BD  W

Elmer, William P. (R-MO)  BD  W

Evarts, William M. (R-NY)   BD  W

Eustis, James B. (D-LA)   BD  W

Fairbanks, Charles W. (R-IN)  BD  W  S

Farley, James T. (D-CA)  BD  W

Felton, Charles N. (R-CA)  BD  W

Fenton, Reuben E. (D&R-NY)  BD  W

Fish, Hamilton III (R-NY)  BD  W

Flower, Roswell P. (D-NY)  BD  NGA  W

Foraker, Joseph B. (R-OH)  BD  W

Ford, Thomas F. (D-CA)  BD  W

Gallinger, Jacob H. (R-NH)  BD  W

Garfield, James A. (R)  BD  W  LOC

Geary, Thomas J. (D-CA)  BD  W

George, James Zachariah (D-MS)  BD  W

George, Melvin C. (R-OR)  BD  W

Gilett, Frederick H. (R-MA)  BD  W

Glascock, John Raglan (D-CA)  BD  W

Gompers, Samuel  W

Gorman, Arthur Pue (D-MD) BD  W

Gossett, Ed Lee (D-TX) BD  W

Grover, La Fayette (D-OR) BD  W

Hamlin, Hannibal (D&R-ME) BD  W

Hawley, Joseph R. (R-CT)  BD  W

Hay, John M.  LOC  W

Hayes, Rutherford B. (R-OH) BD  LOC  W

Hazleton, George C. (R-WI)  BD  W

Heitfeld, Henry (P-ID)  BD  W

Henley, Barclay R. (D-CA)  BD  W

Heyburn, Weldon B. (R-ID)  BD  W

Hiscock, Frank (R-NY) BD  W

Hitt, Robert Roberts (R-IL) BD  W

Hoar, George Frisbie (R-MA)  HobnobBlog

Hooker, Charles E. (D-MS)  BD  W

Howe, Timothy Otis (R-WI)  BD  W

Ingalls, John James (R-KS) BD  W

Jenkins, Thomas A. (R-OH) BD  W

Johnson, Hiram W. (R-CA) BD  W

Jones, John Percival (R-NV) BD  W

Joyce, Charles H. (R-VT)  BD  W

Judd, Walter H. (R-MN) BD  W

Kahn, Julius (R-CA)  BD  W

Kasson, John A. (R-IA)  BD  W

Kennedy, Martin J. (D-NY)  BD  W

Kleberg, Rudolph (D-TX)  BD  W

Lamb, John E. (D-IN)  BD  W

lao baixing (laobaixing)  W

Lodge, Henry Cabot (R-MA)  BD  W

Luce, Henry R.  W 

Magnuson, Warren G. (D-WA)  BD  W

Mansfield, Mike (D-MT)  BD  W

Mason, Noah M. (R-IL)  BD  W

Matthews, Stanley (R-OH)  BD  W

Maxey, Samuel B. (D-TX)  BD  W

McCormack, John W. (D-MA)  BD  W

McCreary, James B. (D-KY)  BD  W

McDougall, John (D-CA) W

McLane, Robert Milligan (D-MD)  BD  W

McLaurin, John L. (D-SC)  BD  W

McClure, Addison S. (R-OH)  BD  W

Miller, John Franklin (R-CA)  BD  W

Mitchell, John Hipple (R-OR) BD  W

Mondell, Frank W. (R-WY)  BD  W

Moore, William Robert (R-TN)  BD  W

Morgan, John Tyler (D-AL) BD  W

Morrill, Justin Smith (R-VT)  BD  W

Morton, Oliver H. (R-IN)  BD  W

Naphen, Henry F. (D-MA)  BD  W

Orth, Godlove Stein (R-IN)  BD  W

Otjen, Theobald (R-WI)  BD  W

Pacheco, Romualdo (R-CA)   BD  W

Page, Horace F. (R-CA)   BD  W

Palmer, Henry W. (R-PA)   BD  W

Patterson, Thomas M. (D-CO)   BD  W

Penrose, Boies (R-PA)  BD  W

Perkins, George C. (R-CA)  BD  W

Perkins, James B. (R-NY)  BD  W

Platt, Orville H. (R-CT)  BD  W

Pomeroy, Samuel (R-KS) BD  W

Powderly, Terence V.  W

Quay, Matthew S. (R-PA) BD  W

Reynolds, Robert Rice (D-NC)  BD  W

Rice, William Whitney (R-MA)  BD  W

Robsion, John M. (R-KY)  BD  W

Sanders, Wilbur Fiske (R-MT) BD  W

Sabath, Adolph J. (D-IL) BD  W

Sargent, Aaron (R-CA) BD  W

Schurz, Carl (R-MO) BD  W

Scott, William L. (D-PA) BD  W

Seward, George F. W

Seward, William H. (R-NY) BD  W

Sherman, John (R-OH) BD  W

Simmons, Furnifold McLendel (D-NC) BD  W  North Carolina History Project

Skinner, Charles R. (R-NY)  BD  W

Slater, James H. (D-OR)  BD  W

Soong Ai-ling (Madame Chiang Kai-shek) W  | Wesleyan | Speech to Congress, February 18, 1943 (audio)

Soong, Charles Jones  W  | Vanderbilt

Speer, Emory (D-GA)  BD  W

Spooner, John C. (R-WI)  BD  W

Squire, Watson C. (R-WA)  BD  W

Stewart, William Morris (R-NV) BD  W  ON

Swift, John Franklin (R-CA) W

Sulzer, William (D-NY)  BD  W

Sumner, Charles (R-MA)  BD  W

Sun Yat-sen  W

Taft, William Howard (R)  LOC  W

Taylor, Bayard  W

Taylor, Ezra B. (R-OH)  BD  W

Teller, Henry M. (R-CO)  BD  W

Thomas, Elbert (D-UT)  BD  W

Thurman, Allen G. (D-OH)  BD  W

Townsend, Martin I. (R-NY)  BD  W

Townshend, Richard W. (D-IL)  BD  W

Trumbull, Lyman (D&R-IL)  BD  W

Tully, Pleasant Britton (D-CA)  BD  W

Turner, George (R&D-WA)  BD  W

Vest, George G. (D-MO)  BD  W

Vorys, John Martin (R-OH)  BD  W

Washburn, William D. (R-MN)  BD  W

White, Compton I. (D-ID)  BD  W

Williams, Charles G. (R-WI)  BD  W

Williams, George Henry (R-OR)  BD  W

Willis, Albert Shelby (D-KY)  BD  W

Wilson, Henry (R-MA)  BD  W

Wilson, James Falconer (R-IA) BD  W

Wright, James A. (D-PA) BD  W

Yu Pin, Paul  W

  

Internet Resources

1882 Project: American Civil Rights and the Chinese Exclusion Laws

"An Alleged Wife: One Immigrant in the Chinese Exclusion Era," by Robert Barde, Prologue Magazine, Spring 2004, Vol. 36, No.1 -  National Archives

Angel Island: Immigrant Journeys of Chinese-Americans - "An oral history of Chinese Immigrant Detainees" by Lydia Lum

Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation

Angell Treaty of 1880 (22 Stat. 826) - Wikipedia

"Annual report of the Commissioner General of Immigration, to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1906," Washington, Government Printing Office, 1906 - Google Books

"Annual report of the Commissioner General of Immigration, to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1911," Washington, Government Printing Office, 1912 - Archive.org (for more Annual Reports, see Archive.org)

"Annual report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1922," Washington, Government Printing Office, 1922 - Archive.org (for more Annual Reports, see Archive.org)

"Annual report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1924," Washington, Government Printing Office, 1924 - Archive.org (for more Annual Reports, see Archive.org)

Anti-Chinese Legislation and Court Cases - from the Museum of Chinese in America

Arcadia Conference (WWII) - Wikipedia

"A Short History of the Chinese Restaurant," by Gish Jen, Slate, April 27, 2005

Asian American Comparative Collection - University of Idaho

Asian American Data Links - Census Bureau

Asian Immigrants In American Law: A Look At The Past And The Challenge Which Remains," by Chin Kim and Bok Lim C. Kim, 26.2 American University Law Review, page 373, 1977 (35-page PDF)

"Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress," by Lorraine H. Tong, CRS Report 97-398, May 19, 2011 (27-page PDF)

Asiatic Barred Zone (Immigration Act of 1917) - Wikipedia

"A visit to India, China, and Japan, in the year 1853," by Bayard Taylor (G.P. Putnam, 1855) - Internet Archive (also available on Amazon)

Bayard-Zhang Treaty of 1888 (unratified)

Bertillon system, developed by Alphonse Bertillon - Wikipedia

Bing Cherry - Wikipedia  See also Ah Bing

Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program - Wikipedia

Boxer Protocol (1901) - Wikipedia

Boxer Rebellion (1900) - Wikipedia

Bureau of Immigration - Wikipedia

Burlingame Treaty of 1868 (English and Chinese Text) - from the University of California

Canada

  • Anti-Chinese sentiment in Canada - Wikipedia
  • Chinatowns in Latin America - Wikipedia
  • Mar, Lisa. Brokering belonging: Chinese in Canada's exclusion era, 1885-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010
  • Hoe, Ban Seng. Enduring Hardship: The Chinese Laundry in Canada. Gatineau, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2004
  • Anderson, Kay. Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial discourse in Canada, 1875-1980. Montreal Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.

Canons of Statutory Construction - Wikipedia

Cartoons, Political

Used on the cover of Forbidden Citizens

Certificate of Residence (Wong Fay) - Online Archive of California

Chae Chan Ping v. United States, 130 U.S. 581 (1889) - FindLaw | Encyclopedia of Immigration (cited in § 8.10)

Chew Heong v. United States, 112 U.S. 536 (1884) - Legal Information Institute (§ 7.10)

China: A History of the Laws, Manners, and Customs of the People, by John Henry Gray (1878) - Volume 1 | Volume 2 - Google Books

"China as 'Victim'? The Opium War That Wasn't", by Harry G. Gelber, Center for European Studies at Harvard University, Working Paper Series #136 (2006) (10-page PDF) - Harvard Center for European Studies

"China's Age of Invention," with Robin Yates, "Secrets of Lost Empires," NOVA, February 29, 2000.

"China's Identity Crisis," by Charles Hill, Defining Ideas, July 11, 2012

Chinese American Citizens Alliance

Chinese-American Contribution to Transcontinental Railroad - from Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum

Chinese American Museum - Los Angeles

Chinese at the Confluence: Lewiston's (Idaho) Beuk Aie Temple - Lewis-Clark State College

Chinese Cemetery of Los Angeles - Wikipedia

Chinese Character A Day - from Adeline Yen Mah

Chinese Coaching Book (1938) - Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program on April 14, 2009

Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco

Chinese Educational Mission - Wikipedia | CEM Connections | China Daily (April 22, 2004)

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) - ourdocuments.gov | Harvard University Library Open Collections Program | Wikipedia | Newspaper articles about Chinese Exclusion from the Library of Congress, Chronicling America collection 

Chinese Exclusion Commission of California

  • "Chinese Exclusion Convention Opens Fight in Defense of American Labor," The San Francisco Call, November 22, 1901 - Library of Congress (1-page PDF) 
  • "Course of Exclusion Legislation in Present Congress," The American Federationist, Volume 9, January 1902 - Google Books
  • Letter from Edward James Livernash to Theodore Roosevelt, April 16, 1902 - Theodore Roosevelt Center
  • "Employment of Chinese on Vessels Flying the American Flag, Etc.," March 15, 1902, 57th Congress, 1st Session, S. Doc. No. 254 - Google Books
  • "Employment of Chinese on Vessels Flying the American Flag, Etc.," April 3, 1902, 57th Congress, 1st Session, S. Doc. No. 281 - Google Books
  • "Exclusion of Chinese Laborers," April 14, 1902, 57th Congress, 1st Session, S. Doc. No. 304 - Google Books
  • More newspaper articles about the Commission from the Library of Congress, Chronicling America collection

"Chinese Exclusion, Photography, and the Development of U.S. Immigration Policy," by Anna Pegler-Gordon, American Quarterly, Vol. 58, Number 1, March 2006. (Also found in The Best American History Essays 2008 (Palgrave Macmillan 2008).)

Chinese Historical Society of America

Chinese Indemnity Fund

  • "Report in the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, June 24, 1870" (Google Books)
  • Letter from Anson Burlingame to Secretary of State Seward, August 12, 1865 (Google Books)
  • Senate Report No. 934, December 24, 1884, 48th Congress, 2nd Session. A Report to Accompany S. 678, "A bill in relation to the Chinese indemnity fund." (Google Books)

Chinese in Oregon - from Center for Columbia River History

"Chinese Immigration," by Prof. E. W. Gilliam, 143 The North American Review 26, July 1886 - Google Books

"Chinese Immigration," by Mary Roberts Coolidge (Henry Holt, 1909) - Google Books

Chinese Immigration and the Chinese in the United States - National Archives (U.S.)

"Chinese Opposition to Legal Discrimination in Arizona Territory," by Andrea Pugsley, Journal of Arizona History, Volume 44, Summer 2003

Chinese Residents in Tombstone (AZ) - Sam Shueh and Eric Chen

Chinese restaurants - Food Timeline (Lynne Olver)

Chinese Servants in the North American West - Terry Abraham

Chinese Six Companies (aka Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association aka Zhonghua Huiguan) - Wikipedia | FoundSF

History of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association

Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275 (1875) - FindLaw

Citizens Committee to Repeal Chinese Exclusion - Encyclopedia of Immigration

"Class, Gender, and Race: Chinese Servants in the North American West" - A paper by Terry Abraham, presented at the Joint Regional Conference Hawai'i/Pacific and Pacific Northwest Association for Asian American Studies, Honolulu, March 26, 1996 (cited in § 6.10)

Committee of 100

CRS Reports

  • "Immigration and Naturalization Fundamentals," CRS Report RS20916
  • "Immigration Policies and Issues on Health-Related Grounds for Exclusion," CRS Report R40570

De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901) (Puerto Rico not a foreign country after annexation) - FindLaw | Wikipedia  (cited in § 9.30)

Denver, Colorado - "Remembering when Denver had a Chinatown," by Christian Toto, The Denver Post, May 7, 2011 | Remembering the Destruction of Denver's Chinatown and Avoiding the Mistakes of the Past | Hop Alley / Chinese Riot of 1880

Diplomat Rescuers and the Story of Feng Shan Ho - from the Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies at the University of Minnesota

"Early Chinese Food in America," by Jacqueline M. Newman, in The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, Andrew F. Smith editor (Oxford University Press 2007), page 119, ISBN 0195307968 - Google Books

Encyclopedia of Immigration

Europe First Strategy (WWII) - Wikipedia

"Exclusion of Chinese" - U.S.C.: heading of Chapter 7 of Title 8 of the United States Code

Extraterritoriality - Wikipedia | British-Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China | ChinaPage | Treaty Ports

"Eye on the East: Labor Calls for Ban on Chinese Immigration," - "This memorial from a 1901 Chinese exclusion convention in San Francisco devoted to strategies for preventing Chinese immigration, called on Congress to use its legislative powers to limit the arrival of Asian aliens to America. It was reprinted in a 1902 AFL pamphlet." - History Matters, George Mason University

Flavor & Fortune: Dedicated to the Art and Science of Chinese Cuisine - from The Institute for the Advancement of the Science & Art of Chinese Cuisine

Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698 (1893) (upheld the Geary Act) - FindLaw

Force Act of 1870 - Wikipedia

Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States, 183 U.S. 176 (1901) (No duty owed on Philippine imports because the Philippines was American territory) - FindLaw

Freer and Sackler Galleries: The Smithsonian's Museums of Asian Art

"From the Party of Lincoln to the Party of "Chinese-must-go": Position Taking and Policy Change in the post-Reconstruction Congress," by Jungkun Seo, paper prepared for presentation at the 2007 meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 12-15, 2007 (Also by Jungkun Seo, see "Wedge-issue Dynamics and Party Position Shifts: Chinese Exclusion Debates in the post-Reconstruction U.S. Congress,1879-82," Party Politics, November 2011, 17(6): 823-847 (25-page PDF)

Geary Act (1892) - Wikipedia | Text from Hastings College of Law

Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 - Wikipedia

Gresham-Yang Treaty (1894) (Immigration Prohibition Treaty Between the United States of America and China, December 7, 1894) - Google Books

History of U.S.-China Relations: Timeline of Important events 1784-1979 - from Kris McClellan

H. Res. 683 Acknowledges Injustice of anti-Chinese Discrimination, June 18, 2012

"Humors of a Congressional Investigating Committee: A Review of the Report of the Joint Special [Morton] Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration. Washington, 1877." By Samuel E. W. Becker, Secretary to the Bishop of Wilmington, De., late Professor in The University of Virginia ("Experience has, in our country, abundantly demonstrated that both political parties have been, are, and will in all human probability always be ready to pander to the last extent to the prejudices of the ignorant, who are in all countries a vast majority, and, in this of ours, have and make use of their votes. Both Democrats and Republicans inserted an anti-Chinese plank in the platform of the last Presidential campaign [1876]. It is, therefore, not to be wondered at that the members of this [Morton Committee]--men who make a profession of politics--should have come to the work as partisans, and with mentally forgone conclusions.") - from the Library at Michigan State University (36-page PDF)

Hyphen - Asian America Unabridged

Immigration Act of 1917 (Asiatic Barred Zone Act),  H.R. 10384; Pub.L. 301; 39 Stat. 874. 64th Congress; February 5th, 1917 - Wikipedia

Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 (Emergency Immigration Act of 1921; Emergency Quota Act), H.R. 4075; Pub.L. 67-5; 42 Stat. 5. 67th Congress; May 19, 1921 - Wikipedia

Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act) - Wikipedia | National Archives | State Dept.

  • National Origins Formula - Wikipedia

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran-Walter Act) - Wikipedia

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Hart-Celler Act), H.R. 2580; Pub.L. 89-236; 79 Stat. 911. 89th Congress; October 3, 1965. - Wikipedia | Harvard Crimson | Asian Nation

"Immigration to the United States," by Raymond L. Cohn - EH.net

Knights of St. Crispin, Order of - Wikipedia

Know Nothing Party - Wikipedia

Long Depression (1873-1896) - Wikipedia

Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. 317, 5 Wheat. 317 (1820) (affirmed Congress' power to tax in DC) - FindLaw

Lue Gim Gong - Wikipedia| Sampson's Chinese, by Paul W. Marino (2-page PDF) | Forbidden Friendship: Finding the Facts Behind the Historical Fiction, Lori Austin, 4th Grade Teacher, Gabriel Abbott Memorial School, Florida, MA | West Volusia (FL) Historical Society | Lue Gim Gong Valencia orange - University of California, Riverside | Adopted Son - Paul Marino | 'Lue Gim Gong (OPS)' - USDA Agriculture Research Service, Germplasm Resources Information Network

Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Addresses Congress, February 18, 1943 (audio recording) - History.com

Magnuson Act (Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943) - Wikipedia

Mark Twain's Observations About Chinese Immigrants in California - Library of Congress

Mexico

  • Chinese immigration to Mexico - Wikipedia
  • Chinatowns in Latin America - Wikipedia
  • Romero, Robert Chao. Chinese in Mexico, 1882-1940. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2012
  • Delgado, Grace. Making the Chinese Mexican: Global migration, localism, and exclusion in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012
  • Camacho, Schiavone. Chinese Mexicans: Transpacific migration and the search for a homeland, 1910-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.

"Mongolian Immigration," by George F. Seward, 134 The North American Review 563, June 1882 - Google Books

Monroe Doctrine - Wikipedia

Morey letter - Wikipedia

Morton Committee (Committee on Chinese Immigration) (1876) (from "Chinese Immigration," by Mary Roberts Coolidge (Henry Holt, 1909)) - Google Books (see "Humors of a Congressional Investigating Committee" above.)

Museum of Chinese in America (MOCA)

Naturalization Act of 1870 (16 Stat. 254) - Wikipedia

"Newlands Resolution" - Joint Resolution To provide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, 55th Congress, 2nd Session (1898) - OurDocuments.gov  (see also 20 U.S.C. § 7512) ((cited in § 9.20)

Old China Trade (1783-1844) - Wikipedia

Open Door Policy (Sec. of State John Hay) - Wikipedia | State Dept.

Opium Wars - Wikipedia
   First Opium War (1839-1842) - Wikipedia
   Second Opium War (1856-1860) - Wikipedia

Oregon Constitution, Original 1857 Version - from Oregon Blue Book: Article II, Section 6 (suffrage); Article XV, Section 8 (real estate and mining claims)

Panic of 1873 - Wikipedia

Perez v. Sharp, 32 Cal.2d 711, 198 P.2nd 17 (1948) (California's bans on interracial marriage violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution) - Wikipedia

"Plain Language from Truthful James," by Francis Bret Harte - Bartleby.com

"Problems of Immigration," by Frank P. Sargent, in The Making of America, Volume 2 (John D. Morris & Company, 1905), page 437 - Google Books

"President Aids Chinese: Issues Order for Discretion in Enforcing Exclusion Laws." The New York Times, June 15, 1905 (1-page PDF)

punica fides -  "The Romans had a saying, 'Punica fides' (the reliability of a Carthaginian) which for them represented the highest degree of treachery: the word of a Carthaginian (like Hannibal) was not to be trusted, nor could a Carthaginian be relied on to maintain his political relationships." (Carthage)  (§ 4.20)

Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) - Wikipedia

Race Riots, 1943 - Wikipedia

Radical Republicans - Wikipedia

Reed, William Bradford (1806-1876) - State Dept. | Wikipedia | "President Buchanan's Minster to China 1857-1858," by Foster M. Farley, in Pennsylvania History, Volume 37, Number 3 (July 1970), 269-280 (12-page PDF)

Remembering 1882 - from the Chinese Historical Society of America

  •  "Remembering 1882" expert panel part 1/8
  • Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8

Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, February 27, 1877 (Morton Committee report) - Google Books. See also Humors of a Congressional Investigating Committee: A Review of the Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration (1877), by Samuel E. Becker (36-page PDF)

"Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System - III, Canton and Hong Kong," by Peter C. Perdue, 2009 (46-page PDF)

Rock Springs massacre" (Rock Springs, WY, September 2, 1885) - Wikipedia

Salem's (Oregon) Chinese Americans - from Salem (Oregon) Public Library, Salem Online History

Scott Act (1888) - from HarpWeek

Scott Act (1888) - Wikipedia

Scott Act of 1888 - from Hastings College of Law

"Some Reasons for Chinese Exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which Shall Survive?" Published by the American Federation of Labor, reprinted in Senate Document No. 137, 57th Congress, 1st Session (1902) - Google Books

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S.Res. 201, 112th Congress, "Expressing the regret of the Senate for the passage of discriminatory laws against the Chinese in America, including the Chinese Exclusion Act." - Thomas

Sweet and Sour Initiative - National Museum of American History (Sweet & Sour Showcase)

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) - Wikipedia

Terms and Sessions of Congress

Territory of New Mexico v. Yee Shun, (3 N.M. 100) (1884) ("A Chinaman, believing in the Chinese religion, testifying without objection that he regards as binding on his conscience the usual form of oath administered in this country, is a competent witness, as well as where the question as to his competency is asked before as after he is sworn.") - Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | Google Books

The Chinese American Experience: 1857-1892 - from HarpWeek

The Chinese Exclusion Act - from Maryland State Archives

The Chinese Experience in 19th Century America - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

"The Chinese in America," by Bryan J. Clinche, 9 American Catholic Quarterly Review 57, January 1884 - Google Books

The Chinese in California, 1850-1925  (Teacher's version) - Library of Congress (links to numerous resources).  Also see Chinese in California, 1850-1925 from the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

The Chinese in San Francisco - Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco

"The Chinese Must Go," by John F. McClymer, Assumption College

"The Chinese Must Stay," by Yan Phou Lee, North American Review, 148 (April 1889) pages 476 - 483, Federal Judicial Center.  Also available as an 8-page PDF transcribed by Cassandra Bates in 2006.

"The Chinese Question," Fibre and Fabric Magazine, June 17, 1905, page 441 (columns 2 and 3) - Google Books

"The Coolie Question in 1856-1862: A Brief Vindication," by Gideon Nye, Jr. (Hongkong, 1869), Harvard University Library

"The Debate on the Chinese Exclusionary Act and Its Repeal," by Jay B. Martens, AP History Teacher, Williamsville (IL) High School (11-page PDF)

"'The Eagle Seeks a Helpless Quarry' - Chinatown, the Police, and the Press: the 1903 Boston Chinatown Raid Revisited," by K. Scott Wong, in "A Reader: Asian American Studies" (Rutgers, 2000) - Google Books

The History of Jim Crow - Arizona | California | Colorado | Idaho | Massachusetts | Montana |  Nevada | New Mexico | New York | Oregon | Texas | Utah | Virginia | Washington | Wyoming

"The international relations of the Chinese empire," by Hosea B. Morse, Volumes 1-3 (Longmans, Green and Co., 1910) - Google Books

"The Other Side of the Chinese Question," The Nation, April 1, 1886, pages 272- 273 - Google Books

"The Sandlot and Kearneyism," by Jerome A. Hart - Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco

 The Soong's Saga "In 2009 the [Vanderbilt University] Divinity Library mounted an exhibit featuring Charles Soong, one of Vanderbilt's alums from 1882-1885. Soong's children and their spouses played significant roles in the history of twentieth-century China. His eldest daughter, Ai-ling, married H.H. Kung, minister of finance under the Nationalist government. His second daughter, Ching-ling, married Sun Yat-sen, the first leader of republican China. His third daughter, Mei-ling, married the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek. T.V. Soong, Charles Soong's oldest son, was centrally involved in establishing modern China's financial system." - Vanderbilt University (ยง 10.22)

"The Supreme Court and the Rights of Aliens," by Leonard Dinnerstein, Fall 1985 (10-page PDF)

"To the Person Sitting in Darkness," by Mark Twain - Wikipedia | Text on Google Books | Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy

Treaties between the Empire of China and foreign powers - Google Books

Transcontinental Railroad (1863-1869) - Wikipedia

Treaty of Nanking (1842) - Wikipedia

Treaty of Paris (1898) - Wikipedia

Treaty of Tientsin (1858) - Wikipedia | text on Wikipedia | State Dept.

Treaty of Versailles (1919) - text on Wikipedia

Treaty of Wangxia (Wanghia) (1844) - Wikipedia | State Dept.

Tucson's (AZ) Chinese Heritage - The Promise of Gold Mountain - Univ. of AZ

Uncommon Oaths - Tracy McLean, "The Stream," Courthouse Libraries | BC blog, June 22, 2011

United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923) (A Punjabi Sikh, settled in Oregon, could not be a naturalized citizen of the United States, because he was not a "white person") - FindLaw | Wikipedia

United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898) (A person of Chinese descent, born in the United States to Chinese parents, is an American citizen by birthright) - Findlaw | Wikipedia | Was U.S. vs. Wong Kim Ark Wrongly Decided?

Veto Message of President Rutherford Hayes of the Fifteen Passenger bill, March 1, 1879 (House bill No. 2423, "An Act to restrict the immigration of Chinese to the United States") - Google Books

Veto Message of President Chester A. Arthur of Senate bill No. 71, April 4, 1882 (Senate bill No. 71, "An act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese") - Google Books

War Brides Act (1945) H.R. 4857; Pub.L. 79-271; 59 Stat 659. 79th Congress, December 28, 1945 - Wikipedia

Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience - Seattle, WA

Yellow Bridge - Famous Chinese Americans | Chinese and Chinese American Humor

"yellow peril" - Wikipedia

"Yellow peril, yellow press: 100 years ago today, city saw roundup of Chinese," by Chris Berdik, The Boston Globe, October 12, 2003

Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886) (even if a law is race neutral on its face, if it is applied in a prejudicial manner, it violates the equal protection clause (Section 1.) in the 14th Amendment)- FindLaw | Wikipedia | State Dept.

Yung Wing Project - site includes transcript of: "My Life in China and America," by Yung Wing,

Introduction of Resolution in the House of Representatives Expressing Regret for Chinese Exclusion Act, May 26, 2011

See also Related Publications and Timelines and Political Cartoons from the era.


  Details

Forbidden Citizens
Chinese Exclusion and the U.S. Congress
A Legislative History

By Martin B. Gold

2012, 616 pages
LCCN: 2011943122

Softcover, $29.95
2579

ISBN 13: 978-1-58733-257-9
Dimensions:  6.69 x 9.61 x 1.2
Weight: 2 pounds 
 

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Rave Reviews

"Our nation has the greatest ideals, standing as that 'city upon a hill' for the world over to look toward with hope. Yet we have not always been as welcoming as we have proclaimed. Forbidden Citizens by Martin Gold tells the story of the exclusion of a specific group, the Chinese people, for racial reasons that were expressed in the most shocking terms. It is thorough, thoughtful, and highly relevant today. This work presents the best scholarship in the most accessible manner.."
-- Frank H. Wu,
Chancellor & Dean, University of California Hastings College of the Law, and the author of Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White (Basic Books)

 

"[L]andmark volume on the subject of exclusionary policies against Chinese and Chinese Americans ... a valuable teaching tool ... an exemplary subject reference."
-- Library Journal
(full review)

 

"Forbidden Citizens presents a skillful review of the long and tortuous path from temporary to permanent exclusion of the Chinese from immigration and citizenship. It is rich raw material for scholars of race relations and immigration that deftly weaves legal history, congressional debates, regional and national history, and the relation of foreign policy and immigration."
-- Najia Aarim-Heriot,
Professor, State University of New York at Fredonia, and the author of Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848-82 (University of Illinois Press)

 

"Through engaging narrative, Forbidden Citizens expertly tells a story unfamiliar to most Americans, one that left a permanent scar upon the psyche of Chinese Americans and changed our nation forever. Martin Gold's thorough and pioneering research into decades of Congressional history brings to life the politics of Chinese exclusion in a way no one has."
-- Judy Chu, United States Representative (D-CA)

 

"In Forbidden Citizens, Martin Gold offers a sweeping and impressive documentation of the long and shameful legislative history of the mistreatment of the Chinese in this country. Forbidden Citizens is an exhaustive piece of research that will appeal not only to legal scholars and civil rights activists, but to any American curious about this grim chapter of our history."
-- Christopher Corbett,
author, The Poker Bride: The First Chinese in the Wild West (Atlantic Monthly)

 

"Forbidden Citizens is a captivating recount of grave and forgotten injustices and efforts to correct them. No one knows more about the United States Congress than Marty Gold, and he engages the reader in a way only he can."
-- Orrin Hatch, United States Senator (R-UT)

 

Anti-Chinese violence, discrimination, and rhetoric have a long, sordid history in America. It began with the first Chinese immigrants to North America in the 1840s and in some ways, at least rhetorically, continues to the present day. The anti-Chinese movement often took a federal political form that proved amazingly complex; and for the first time this legal history has been carefully and thoughtfully explained in Forbidden Citizens, from the initial congressional debates in the 1870s, through the passage of no less than nine Chinese exclusion laws, to the eventual repeal of fourteen statutes in 1943. All can be found in this one volume. It is a monumental achievement."
-- John R. Wunder,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and author
Inferior Courts, Superior Justice: A History of the Justices of the Peace on the Northwest Frontier, 1853-1889 (Greenwood Press)

 

"Forbidden Citizens is a moving account of a regrettable part of American history. Marty Gold has done us all a service by bringing this story to light so that our past mistakes are never repeated."
-- Scott Brown, United States Senator (R-MA)

 

"An important piece of scholarship, which vividly depicts the intensity of anti-Chinese and anti-Asian feeling that was widespread even among our intellectual and political elite only a century ago."
-- Stephen Hsu,
Professor of Physics, University of Oregon

 

"Martin Gold presents in welcome detail both the disturbing story of how the U.S. Congress came to enact a series of federal laws that singled out Chinese immigrants for discriminatory treatment, and the story of how those laws were repealed.

Beginning with the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, these laws were the first time in our nation's history that Congress expressly singled out a group of immigrants for denial of citizenship rights, and for special exclusion under its immigration laws. But, as to the latter course, it was certainly not the last. There is a straight line from the enactment of the exclusion laws to the exclusionary immigration laws of the 1920s that effectively sealed the doors of the United States to Jews who might otherwise have been able to flee the conflagration of Nazi-occupied Europe.

We do well to remember that the protection of the rights of any of us depends on protecting the rights of all. Gold's book is a stirring and timely reminder of that principle."

-- Richard T. Foltin,
Director of National and Legislative Affairs, American Jewish Committee (AJC)

 

"Martin Gold's exceptional scholarly research on the legislative history of Chinese Exclusion Laws provides a compelling and troubling account of how Congress, a democratic institution of the people, enacted a series of discriminatory laws so contrary to our founding principles. Hopefully, this publication will not only bring to light the historic injustice inflicted on Chinese and Asian Americans because of these laws, but also offer a lesson on why we should not repeat this dark chapter in American history."
-- Michael C. Lin,
Chairman, 1882 Project

 

 

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