1. "Introduction to the Federal Budget Process," CRS Report for Congress 98-721 GOV, November 20, 2008
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
- The Evolution of Federal Budgeting
- Basic Concepts of Federal Budgeting
- Budget Authority and Outlays
- Scope of the Budget
- Deficit Reduction and the Rules of Congressional Budgeting
- Budgeting for Discretionary and Direct Spending
- Budgeting for Direct and Guaranteed Loans
- The Budget Cycle
- The Presidential Budget Process
- Formulation and Content of the President's Budget
- Executive Interaction with Congress
- The Congressional Budget Process
- Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution
- Budget Resolution Enforcement
- Budget Resolution Aggregates
- Allocations of Spending to Committees
- Scoring and Cost Estimates
- Points of Order
- The Sequestration Process
- Spending Legislation
- Authorizing Measures
- The Annual Appropriations Process
- Revenue Legislation
- Debt-Limit Legislation
- Reconciliation Legislation
- Reconciliation Directives
- Development and Consideration of Reconciliation Measures
- Earmark Reform
- Impoundment and Line-Item Veto
- Impoundment
- Rescissions
- Deferrals
- Line-Item Veto
- Table 1. Congressional Budget Process Timetable
2.
"Overview of the Executive Budget Process," CRS Report for Congress RS20175, June 17, 2008 .
. . . . . . 33
3.
"The Executive Budget Process Timetable," CRS Report for Congress RS20152, June 17, 2008 .
. . . . . . 35
4.
"The Congressional Budget Process: A Brief
Overview," CRS Report for Congress RS20095, November 26, 2008 .
. . . . . . 37
5.
"The Congressional Budget Process Timetable," CRS Report for Congress 98-472 GOV, March 20, 2008 .
. . . . . . 45
6.
"Budget Resolution Enforcement," CRS Report for Congress 98-815, August 12, 2008 .
. . . . . . 49
7. "The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate's 'Byrd Rule'," CRS Report for Congress RL30862,
July 8, 2008 . . .
. . . . 55
- Introduction
- Legislative History of the Byrd Rule
- Current Features of the Byrd Rule
- Definitions of Extraneous Matter
- Exceptions to the Definition of Extraneous Matter
- Implementation of the Byrd Rule
- Points of Order
- Waiver Motions
- Years in Which the Byrd Rule Was Not Invoked
- Byrd Rule Controversies
- Impact on House-Senate Relations in 1993 and 1994
- Effects on Tax-Cut Legislation
- Rules Changes in the 110th Congress Barring Deficit Increases
- Table 1. Figures and Resolutions Establishing the Byrd Rule
- Table 2. Reconciliation Measures Enacted Into Law or Vetoed: 1980-2007
- Table 3. Reconciliation Acts: Summary of Points of Order and Waiver Motions Under the Byrd Rule
- Table 4. Listing of Actions Under the Senate's Byrd Rule, by Act: 1985-2007
- Appendix. Text of the Byrd Rule
8. "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction,"
CRS Report 97-684, December 2, 2008 . . .
. . . 91
- Introduction
- Annual Appropriations Cycle
- President Submits Budget
- Congress Adopts Budget Resolution
- Timetable for Consideration of Appropriations Measures
- Work of the Appropriations Committees
- House and Senate Floor Action
- House
- Senate
- House and Senate Conference Action
- Presidential Action
- Types of Appropriations Measures
- Regular Appropriations Bills
- Continuing Resolutions
- Supplemental Appropriations Measures
- Spending Ceilings for Appropriations Measures
- Allocations
- Enforcement
- House
- Senate
- Emergency Spending
- Relationship Between Authorization and Appropriation Measures
- Rescissions
- Table 1. Number of Regular Appropriations Bills Packaged in Omnibus (or Minibus) Measure, FY1977-FY2008
- Table 2. Regular Appropriations Bills Completed by Deadline and Number of Continuing Resolutions, FY1977-FY2008
- Table 3. House Committee on Appropriations' 302(a) Allocations for FY2008
- Table 4. Initial House Appropriations Committee's 302(b) Allocations for FY2008
9. "Reforming the Federal Budget Process," Testimony of Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Director of OMB, before the Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process, Committee on Rules, U.S. House of Representatives, March 23, 2004 . . . . . . 119
10. From the
Congressional Deskbook
Chapter 9, "Legislating in Congress: Federal Budget Process," by Bill Heniff Jr. and Robert Keith
. . . . 133
9.00 Introduction: Congress's "Power of the Purse"
9.01 Congress's Constitutional "Power of the Purse"
9.02 Federal Budgeting Concepts and Terminology
9.10 Key Budget Process Laws
9.11 Budget Enforcement Act Procedures
9.20 The Budget Cycle
9.30 Budget Enforcement Framework
9.40 Presidential Budget Process
9.41 Typical Executive Budget Process Timetable
9.42 Office of Management and Budget Publications
9.43 Volumes Containing and Explaining the President's Annual Budget
9.44 Program and Financing Schedule in President's Budget Appendix
9.50 Congressional Budget Process
9.51 Congressional Budget Process Timetable
9.52 Completion Dates of Budget Resolutions
9.53 Congressional Budget Process Flowchart
9.54 Functional Categories in a Congressional Budget Resolution
9.55 Membership on the House and Senate Budget Committees
9.60 Spending, Revenue, and Debt-Limit Legislation
9.61 Budgeting for Direct and Guaranteed Loans
9.70 Spending Legislation
9.71 Differences between Discretionary and Direct Spending
9.80 Authorization and Appropriation Processes
9.81 Limitations, Earmarks, and General Provisions
9.82 New Appropriations Subcommittee Organization
9.83 Sequence of Appropriations Measures through Congress
9.84 Examples of Appropriations Subcommittees' Requirements for Member Requests
9.90 Revenue Legislation
9.91 Tax Expenditures
9.92 Revenue Estimates
9.100 Debt-Limit Legislation
9.110 Reconciliation Legislation
9.120 Implementation of the Budget by Executive Agencies
9.130 Apportionment
9.140 Transfer and Reprogramming
9.150 Impoundment: Deferrals and Rescissions
9.160 Budget Process Glossary
11.
"Trends in Discretionary Spending," CRS Report for Congress RL34424, April 12, 2010 . . . . . . 179
- What Does Discretionary Spending Include?
- Budget Authority and Outlays
- Trends in Discretionary Spending
- How Has the Composition of Discretionary Spending Changed?
- Discretionary Spending and National Priorities
- Discretionary Defense Spending
- Discretionary Domestic Spending
- Discretionary International Spending
- Discretionary Security and Non-Security Spending
- What is "Homeland Security" or "Security" Spending?
- Trends in "Security" and "Non-Security" Discretionary Spending
- Fiscal Stimulus and the Budget
- The FY2011 Budget and Beyond
- Discretionary Spending in the Long Term
- Figure 1. Discretionary Outlays by BEA Category As a Percentage of Total
- Figure 2. Components of Federal Spending
- Figure 3. Discretionary Outlays By Broad Category
- Figure 4. Discretionary Budget Authority by Type Using FY2011 Definition of "Security"
- Figure 5. Discretionary Outlays by Type Using FY2011 Definition of "Security"
- Figure A-1. Discretionary Budget Authority by Type
- Figure A-2. Discretionary Outlays by Type
- Table 1. Categories of Federal Spending
- Table 2. Average Real Growth in Discretionary Spending
- Table A-1. Listing of Items Included in Security Category
- Appendix. Approximating the Definition of "Security" Spending Used in the G. W. Bush Administration
12.
"The FY2011 Federal Budget," CRS Report for Congress R41097, March 9, 2010 . . . . . . 203
- Overview
- Budget Cycle
- Revenues, Outlays, and Deficits for FY2009
- Trends
- Federal Spending
- Federal Revenue
- Deficits, Debt, and Interest
- Federal Deficits
- Federal Debt and Debt Limit
- Net Interest
- Budgeting in Tough Economic Times
- Federal Response to Economic and Financial Market Turmoil
- Changing Budgetary Impact of Major Financial Interventions and Economic Recovery Programs
- Budget Deficit Estimates for FY2010
- FY2010 Supplemental Legislation
- Budget Baseline Projections
- Budget Fiscal Year 2011
- Obama Administration FY2011 Budget
- Congressional Consideration of the FY2011 Budget Resolution
- Considerations for Congress
- Short-Term Considerations
- General Budget Issues
- CBO Budget Documents
- Budget Transparency
- Budget Enforcement Measures
- Long-Term Considerations
- Figure 1. Total Outlays and Revenues as a Percentage of GDP, FY1970–FY2010
- Figure 2. Outlays by Type as a Percentage of GDP, FY1990–FY2020
13. Resources from TheCapitol.Net
. . . . . .
226
Capitol Learning Audio Courses
TM
Live Training
Understanding
Congressional Budgeting and Appropriations
www.CongressionalBudgeting.com
Advanced Federal
Budget Process
www.BudgetProcess.com
Congressional Dynamics
and the Legislative Process
www.CongressionalDynamics.com
The President's Budget
www.PresidentsBudget.com
The Defense Budget
www.TheDefenseBudget.com
14. Other Resources . . . . . .
227
Books
Laws
Web Sites
