1. "Introduction to the Federal Budget Process," by Robert Keith, CRS Report for Congress 98-721 GOV, November 20, 2008
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
- The Evolution of Federal Budgeting
- Basic Concepts of Federal Budgeting
- Budget Authority and Outlays
- Scope of the Budget
- Deficit Reduction and the Rules of Congressional Budgeting
- Budgeting for Discretionary and Direct Spending
- Budgeting for Direct and Guaranteed Loans
- The Budget Cycle
- The Presidential Budget Process
- Formulation and Content of the President's Budget
- Executive Interaction with Congress
- The Congressional Budget Process
- Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution
- Budget Resolution Enforcement
- Budget Resolution Aggregates
- Allocations of Spending to Committees
- Scoring and Cost Estimates
- Points of Order
- The Sequestration Process
- Spending Legislation
- Authorizing Measures
- The Annual Appropriations Process
- Revenue Legislation
- Debt-Limit Legislation
- Reconciliation Legislation
- Reconciliation Directives
- Development and Consideration of Reconciliation Measures
- Earmark Reform
- Impoundment and Line-Item Veto
- Impoundment
- Rescissions
- Deferrals
- Line-Item Veto
- Table 1. Congressional Budget Process Timetable
2.
"Overview of the Executive Budget Process," by Bill Heniff Jr., CRS Report for Congress RS20175, June 17, 2008 .
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3.
"The Executive Budget Process Timetable," by Bill Heniff Jr., CRS Report for Congress RS20152, June 17, 2008 .
. . . . . . 35
4. "The Congressional Budget Process: A Brief Overview," by James V. Saturno, CRS Report for Congress RS20095, November 26, 2008 .
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5. "The Congressional Budget Process Timetable," by Bill Heniff Jr., CRS Report for Congress 98-472 GOV, March 20, 2008 .
. . . . . . 45
6. "Budget Resolution Enforcement," by Bill Heniff, Jr., CRS Report for Congress 98-815, August 12, 2008 .
. . . . . . 49
7. "The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate's 'Byrd Rule,'" by Robert Keith, CRS Report for Congress RL30862, March 20, 2008 . . .
. . . . 55
- Introduction
- Legislative History of the Byrd Rule
- Current Features of the Byrd Rule
- Definitions of Extraneous Matter
- Exceptions to the Definition of Extraneous Matter
- Implementation of the Byrd Rule
- Points of Order
- Waiver Motions
- Years in Which the Byrd Rule Was Not Invoked
- Byrd Rule Controversies
- Impact on House-Senate Relations in 1993 and 1994
- Effects on Tax-Cut Legislation
- Rules Changes in the 110th Congress Barring Deficit Increases
- Table 1. Figures and Resolutions Establishing the Byrd Rule
- Table 2. Reconciliation Measures Enacted Into Law or Vetoed: 1980-2007
- Table 3. Reconciliation Acts: Summary of Points of Order and Waiver Motions Under the Byrd Rule
- Table 4. Listing of Actions Under the Senate's Byrd Rule, by Act: 1985-2007
- Appendix. Text of the Byrd Rule
8. "The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction," by Sandy Streeter, CRS Report 97-684, December 2, 2008 . . .
. . . 91
- Introduction
- Annual Appropriations Cycle
- President Submits Budget
- Congress Adopts Budget Resolution
- Timetable for Consideration of Appropriations Measures
- Work of the Appropriations Committees
- House and Senate Floor Action
- House
- Senate
- House and Senate Conference Action
- Presidential Action
- Types of Appropriations Measures
- Regular Appropriations Bills
- Continuing Resolutions
- Supplemental Appropriations Measures
- Spending Ceilings for Appropriations Measures
- Allocations
- Enforcement
- House
- Senate
- Emergency Spending
- Relationship Between Authorization and Appropriation Measures
- Rescissions
- Table 1. Number of Regular Appropriations Bills Packaged in Omnibus (or Minibus) Measure, FY1977-FY2008
- Table 2. Regular Appropriations Bills Completed by Deadline and Number of Continuing Resolutions, FY1977-FY2008
- Table 3. House Committee on Appropriations' 302(a) Allocations for FY2008
- Table 4. Initial House Appropriations Committee's 302(b) Allocations for FY2008
9. "Reforming the Federal Budget Process," Testimony of Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Director of OMB, before the Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process, Committee on Rules, U.S. House of Representatives, March 23, 2004 . . . . . . 119
